An environmental forensic approach for tropical estuaries based on metal bioaccumulation in tissues of Callinectes danae.

The blue crab Callinectes danae is distributed throughout the Atlantic coast and this study aimed to evaluate a environmental forensics approach that could be applied at tropical estuarine systems where this species is distributed, based on the metal concentrations in its tissues. For this purpose, blue crab samples were collected in 9 sites (distributed in 3 areas) along the Santos Estuarine System, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The concentrations of Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined in gills, hepatopancreas and muscle tissues. Sediment samples were collected and analyzed in these same sites. A data distribution pattern was identified during both sampling periods (August and December 2011). In order to validate this model, a new sampling campaign was performed in March 2013 at the Santos Estuarine System and also at Ilha Grande (state of Rio de Janeiro). These data were added to the previous database (composed of the August and December 2011 samples) and a discriminant analysis was applied. The results confirmed an environmental fingerprint for the Santos Estuarine System.

Impact of harbour, industry and sewage on the phosphorus geochemistry of a subtropical estuary in Brazil.

The distribution of different forms of phosphorus in surface sediment from 17 sites were investigated by SEDEX method. The sites were divided into three sectors: Santos Channel (SC - influenced by harbour, fertilizers plants and phosphogypsum mountains), São Vicente Channel (SVC- domestic waste) and Santos Bay (SB - sewage outfall). The average percentage of each P fraction of the surface sediments in this region followed the sequence P-Fe (38%)>P org (27%)>P exch (13%)>Detrital - P (12%)>Auth - P (10%). P total varied from 3.57 to 74.11 µmol g(-)(1) in both seasons. In SVC, P exch ranged from 13% to 27% and P org varied from 12% to 56%. These high percentages of P exch/P total (greater than 20%) may be related to low oxygen resulting from oxygen consumed by intensive organic matter decomposition as well as the salty water that leads to cation and anion flocculation. Also, the possibility of an influence related to the industrial source of P exch is not ruled out. No significant seasonal differences were found among sites, except for sewage outfall, with changing in the grain size and hence, the P geochemistry. During the summer in the sewage outfall station, Porg represented 37% of P total, which decreased to 13% in the winter. These results suggest that high percentages of organic phosphorus cannot be attributed only to autochthonous and allochthonous organic matter, but also to detergents and/or domestic waste. In contrast, spatial differences among sectors were observed, with the highest values of each fraction associated with sites near industrial and domestic waste activities.

Mercury and methylmercury concentration assessment in children's hair from Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil / Avaliação da concentração de mercúrio e metilmercúrio em cabelo de crianças de Manaus, estado do Amazonas, Brasil

The present study evaluated Hg and MeHg content in hair samples of 201 children 2 to 7 years old, living in six neighborhoods of the city of Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil. In general, the total Hg and MeHg median ranges in hair were similar (0.91 to 1.71 mg kg-1) except for the São Jose neighborhood, which was lower (0.16 mg kg-1). De spite the fact that the Manaus population consumes fish as part of the normal dietary intake, the Hg hair levels were below the level for an adult population not exposed to mercury (2.0 mg kg-1). These data were compared to demographic, socioeconomic information and eating habits of the families that took part in the study. The results were also compared to other published data from the Amazon region, other regions of Brazil and other countries. Future studies to set Hg and MeHg levels in hair of children in Brazil should take into account and assess the diversity of the country, mainly in terms of eating habits, socio-economic and cultural aspects.

O presente estudo avaliou o teor de Hg e MeHg em amostras de cabelo de 201 crianças de 2 aos 7 anos de idade, residentes em seis bairros da cidade de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Em geral, o teor de Hg total e MeHg em cabelo foram semelhantes (medianas de 0,91 a 1,71 mg kg-1), exceto para o bairro São José, que foi menor (0,16 mg kg-1). Apesar da população de Manaus consumir peixe como parte da dieta normal, os níveis de Hg nos cabelos ficaram abaixo do nível para uma população adulta não exposta ao mercúrio (2,0 mg kg-1). Esses dados foram comparados com informações demográficas, socioeconômicas e hábitos alimentares das famílias que participaram do estudo. Os resultados também foram comparados com outros dados publicados da Amazônia, outras regiões do Brasil e outros países. Futuros estudos para definir os níveis de Hg total e MeHg no cabelo das crianças brasileiras deverão considerar e avaliar a diversidade do país, principalmente em termos de hábitos alimentares, nível sócio-econômico e os aspectos culturais.

Heavy metal concentrations in soils from a remote oceanic island, Fernando de Noronha, Brazil

This paper examines the role of parent rock, pedogenetic processes and airborne pollution in heavy metal accumulation in soils from a remote oceanic island, Fernando de Noronha, Brazil. We studied five soil profiles developed from different volcanic rocks. Mineralogical composition and total concentrations of major and trace elements were determined in 43 samples. The obtained concentrations range for heavy metals were: Co: 26-261 ppm; Cu: 35-97 ppm; Cr: 350-1446 ppm; Ni: 114-691 ppm; Zn: 101-374 ppm; Hg: 2-150 ppb. The composition of soils is strongly affected by the geochemical character of the parent rock. Pedogenesis appears to be responsible for the accumulation of Zn, Co, and, to a lesser extent, of Ni and Cu, in the upper, Mn- and organic carbon-enriched horizons of the soil profiles. Pedogenic influence may also explain the relationship observed between Cr and the Fe. Hg is likely to have been added to the soil profile by long-range atmospheric transport. Its accumulation in the topsoil was further favoured by the formation of stable complexes with organic matter. Clay minerals do not appear to play an important role in the fixation of heavy metals.

Este trabalho examina o papel da rocha parental, dos processos pedogenéticos e da poluição aerotransportada na acumulação dos metais pesados nos solos de uma ilha oceânica remota, Fernando de Noronha, Brasil. Foram estudados cinco perfis de solo desenvolvidos a partir de diferentes rochas vulcânicas. A composição mineralógica e as concentrações totais de elementos maiores e traços foram determinadas em 43 amostras. Os intervalos de concentração obtidos para os metais pesados foram: Co: 26-261 ppm; Cu: 35-97 ppm; Cr: 350-1446 ppm; Ni: 114-691 ppm; Zn: 101-374 ppm; Hg: 2- 150 ppb. A composição dos solos é fortemente afetada pelo caráter geoquímico da rocha parental. A pedogênese parece ser responsável pela acumulação de Zn, Co e, em menor grau, de Ni e Cu, nos horizontes superiores dos perfis de solo, enriquecidos em Mn e em carbono orgânico. A influência pedogenética pode também explicar a relação observada entre Cr e Fe. Hg foi provavelmente adicionado ao solo por transporte atmosférico de longa distância. Sua acumulação no horizonte do topo do perfil de solo foi adicionalmente favorecida pela formação de complexos estáveis com a matéria orgânica. Os minerais de argila não parecem ter tido papel importante na fixação dos metais pesados.

Metal distribution in sediment cores from São Paulo State Coast, Brazil.

Ten sediment core samples with lengths ranging from 35 to 100 cm were collected in the Baixada Santista region and analyzed to determine As, Br, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, Rb, Sb, Ta, Th, U, Zn and rare earths (Sc, Ce, Eu, La, Lu, Nd, Sm, Tb and Yb) level concentrations using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The studied region is located in the southeastern coast of São Paulo State and is comprised of a densely urbanized area, the largest industrial complex of the country, with a predominance of petrochemical and fertilizer plants. It is also home to Brazil's most important and busiest port. The conclusions found that the As, La, Sm, Ne, Ce, Eu, Hf, Ta, Th, and U elements have a high background level in the region and that Fe and Zn were the main indicators of anthropogenic contribution in the sediments.

[Total hair mercury in children from a coastal population in Cananéia, São Paulo State, Brazil]. / Mercúrio total em cabelo de crianças de uma população costeira, Cananéia, São Paulo, Brasil.

Mercury (Hg) levels in hair are directly related to eating habits, especially fish consumption by coastal populations with a large contingent of traditional fishing families. This study assessed total Hg levels in children's hair. The study group was selected from three public elementary schools in Cananéia, São Paulo State, Brazil (ages 4 to 12 years). The results (median and range) for total Hg levels in children's hair were: 0.04 mg.kg-1 (0.01-0.77 mg.kg-1), 0.39 mg.kg-1 (< 0.01-3.33 mg.kg-1), and 0.39 mg.kg-1 (< 0.01-2.81 mg.kg-1) for schools ES1, ES2, and ES3, respectively. The values were well below the level set by World Health Organization for an adult population unexposed to Hg (2.0 mg.kg-1). However, since there are no existing reference values for total Hg in children's hair, these results can be used as a contribution to establishing reference values for total hair Hg in Brazilian children living in coastal areas.

Mercúrio total em cabelo de crianças de uma população costeira, Cananéia, São Paulo, Brasil / Total hair mercury in children from a coastal population in Cananéia, São Paulo State, Brazil

Os níveis de mercúrio (Hg) total em cabelos estão diretamente relacionados à alimentação, particularmente ao consumo de peixes por populações costeiras com grande representação caiçara. No presente estudo foram avaliados os níveis de mercúrio total em cabelos de crianças com idade entre 4 e 12 anos, pertencente a três escolas públicas da cidade de Cananéia, São Paulo, Brasil. Os resultados obtidos (mediana e intervalo) para mercúrio total foram de: 0,04mg.kg-1 (0,01-0,77mg.kg-1), 0,39mg.kg-1 (< 0,01-3,33mg.kg-1) e 0,39mg.kg-1 (< 0,01-2,81mg.kg-1) considerando as escolas ES1, ES2 e ES3, respectivamente. Em geral, os valores encontrados estiveram bem abaixo do valor preconizado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde para uma população adulta não exposta ao mercúrio (2,0mg.kg-1). Os baixos valores observados e a inexistência de valores de referência para mercúrio total em cabelos de crianças brasileiras possibilitam a consideração desses valores como possível referência nacional em cabelos de populações costeiras, uma vez que foram obtidos em região de baixo impacto ambiental.

Mercury (Hg) levels in hair are directly related to eating habits, especially fish consumption by coastal populations with a large contingent of traditional fishing families. This study assessed total Hg levels in children's hair. The study group was selected from three public elementary schools in Cananéia, São Paulo State, Brazil (ages 4 to 12 years). The results (median and range) for total Hg levels in children's hair were: 0.04mg.kg-1 (0.01-0.77mg.kg-1), 0.39mg.kg-1 (< 0.01-3.33mg.kg-1), and 0.39mg.kg-1 (< 0.01-2.81mg.kg-1) for schools ES1, ES2, and ES3, respectively. The values were well below the level set by World Health Organization for an adult population unexposed to Hg (2.0mg.kg-1). However, since there are no existing reference values for total Hg in children's hair, these results can be used as a contribution to establishing reference values for total hair Hg in Brazilian children living in coastal areas.

Determination of trace elements in the diet of non-dialyzed renal patients / Determinação de elementos traço na dieta de pacientes renais não dialisados

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often have abnormal levels ofplasma minerals. Among some factors that may account for an abnormalmineral metabolism in this group is the low or high dietary intake. However,the mechanism of trace-element disturbances has not been thoroughlyestablished. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concentrations ofeleven trace elements (As, Br, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, Rb, Se, Th, U and Zn) in the dietof non-dialyzed CKD patients. While Fe, Co, Cr, Br, Rb, Se and Zn are elementsplaying a role in nutrition, As, Cs, Th and U are toxicologically importanttrace elements. These elements were determined using Instrumental NeutronActivation Analysis (INAA) on samples of total diets consumed by typicalnon-dialyzed CKD patients in Brazil. Each subject?s food consumption wascalculated by using an individual 24h-consumption record and the dietswere prepared according to a modified duplicate portion method based onthe analysis of 39 diet samples. In this group, Br, Co, Fe, Se and Zn intakeswere lower and there was a positive correlation with protein intake. Theintakes of toxic elements were within recommended levels. The patient?s dietspresented low concentrations of important trace elements, which can causesome alterations in the metabolism. The supplementation with a determinedtrace element may be indicated when its depletion is documented in bodycompartments, and when there is evidence of the positive effects of this elementon the life quality of CKD patients.

Pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC)pueden presentar niveles anormales deminerales. Uno de los factores que puedecontribuir para este metabolismo anómalo es ladieta. Entretanto, los mecanismos de esasanormalidades no están completamentecomprendidos. El objetivo de este estudio fueevaluar las concentraciones de once elementostrazos (As, Br, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, Rb, Se, Th, U y Zn)en la dieta de pacientes con ERC no dializados.Los minerales como Fe, Co, Cr, Br, Rb, Se y Zndesempeñan funciones nutricionalesimportantes, al contrario de As, Cs, Th y U queson tóxicos. Esos elementos fueron determinadosen 39 muestras de dietas obtenidas del consumoalimentar de 24 horas relatado por los pacientescon ERC y el m??todo analítico utilizado fueAnálisis Instrumental por Activación deNeutrones (INAA). Las concentraciones de Br, Co,Fe, Se y Zn eran bajos y hubo correlación positivacon el consumo de proteínas. La ingestión deelementos tóxicos estaba dentro de lo permitido.La dieta de los pacientes presentó bajasconcentraciones de elementos trazos importanteslo cual podría causar alteraciones metabólicasimportantes que exigirían suplemento en casoque los niveles sanguíneos alterados fuesenconfirmados. Los elementos tóxicos no estabanen concentraciones elevadas

Pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC)podem apresentar níveis anormais de minerais.Um dos fatores que pode contribuir para essemetabolismo anormal é a dieta. Entretanto, osmecanismos para essas anormalidades não sãocompletamente entendidos. O objetivo desseestudo foi avaliar as concentrações de onzeelementos traço (As, Br, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, Rb, Se,Th, U e Zn) na dieta de pacientes com DRC nãodialisados. Os minerais como Fe, Co, Cr, Br, Rb,Se e Zn são elementos com importantes papéisna nutrição. Em contrapartida As, Cs, Th e Usão tóxicos. Esses elementos foram determinadosem 39 amostras de dietas obtidas do consumoalimentar de 24h relatado pelos pacientes renaiscrônicos, e o método utilizado para verificaçãodos minerais foi pela Análise Instrumental deAtivação de Nêutrons (INAA). Os níveis de Br,Co, Fe, Se e Zn foram baixos e houve correlaçãopositiva com o consumo protéico. A ingestão deelementos tóxicos estava dentro dasrecomendações. A dieta dos pacientes apresentoubaixas concentrações de importantes elementostraço, o que poderia causar algumas alteraçõesno metabolismo desses nos pacientes renais,sendo a suplementação necessária se os níveissangüíneos alterados fossem confirmados. Oselementos tóxicos não estavam em elevadasconcentrações.

Quantificação de macro e micro nutrientes em algumas etnovariedades de cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) / Macro and micro nutrients quantification of some cubiu ethnovarieties (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal)

Considerando a ampla variabilidade genética de cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal), quantificaram-se os macro e micro-nutrientes, objetivando a ampliação da tabela de composição química de alimentos típicos da região amazônica. Os frutos provenientes da Estação Experimental de Hortaliças Alejo von der Pahlen (EEH) do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), localizados no km 14 da Rodovia AM 010 em Manaus, AM, foram processados no Laboratório de Alimentos e Nutrição do INPA. Avaliaram-se oito etnovariedades de cubiu identificados como: 2 I, 3 I, 6, 7, 12, 14, 17, 29 I e III em estádio de maturação comercial. Os teores de elementos minerais foram quantificados pela técnica de Ativação por Nêutrons Instrumental e a fibra alimentar pelo método enzímico-gravimétrico. Os resultados demonstram ser o cubiu um fruto com baixo conteúdo energético (média de 33 kcal), com conteúdo de fibra alimentar total na ordem de 1,6 por cento. Em relação aos macros elementos minerais, a etnovariedade 6, apresentou a maior concentração em potássio (513,5±3,1mg), cálcio (18,9±0,6mg) e a etnovariedade 2 I em Fe (564,4±58,1µg) e Cr (99,3±8,3µg). A menor concentração foi constatada na etnovariedade 12 para os elementos K (229,0±4,5mg), Na (53,7±5,5µg) e Zn (89,3±4,7µg). Apesar das variações em relação as diferentes etno variedades e conseqüentemente concentrações em elementos minerais, o cubiu, pode estar contribuindo para atingir as recomendações desses nutrientes.

Considering the wide genetic variability of cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal), its chemical composition was quantified in order to contribute to the chemical composition table of typical Amazonian foods. The cubiu fruit was collected at Alejo von der Pahlen (EEH) experimental station from National Research Institute of Amazonia (INPA). Eight ethno varieties of cubiu identified as 2 I, 3 I, 6, 7, 12, 14, 17, 29 I and III were analyzed. All samples used were ripe. The mineral content was determined by Neutron Activation Analysis technique and alimentary fiber by the enzymatic-gravimetric method. The results showed that cubiu is a hypo caloric food source (mean of 33 kcal and total fiber of about 1.6 percent). Regarding macronutrients, ethnovariety 6 showed high potassium (513.5 ± 3.1 mg) and calcium (18.8 ± 0.6 mg) concentration. Ethnovariety 21, had high Fe (564 ± 58 µg) and Cr (99 ± 8 µg) concentrations. Low concentrations of K (229.0 ± 4.5 mg), Na (53.7 ± 5.5 µg) and Zn (89.3 ± 4.7 µg) were found for ethnovariety 12. Although the cubiu fruit presents great variation of its mineral contents due to different ethnovarieties, it could still contribute as a diet supplement to reach the minimum nutrient requirements for the Amazonian population.

Zinc levels after iron supplementation in patients with chronic kidney disease.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of iron supplementation on zinc distribution in nondialyzed chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. DESIGN: Prospective nonrandomized observational study. SETTING: Outpatients of the Nephrology Division at Federal University of São Paulo. PATIENTS: Zinc and iron status of 38 nondialyzed patients (63% male; creatinine clearance, 34.5+/-13.3 mL/min/1.73 m2) was evaluated before and after 3 intramuscular injections of 100 mg iron each. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The following parameters were analyzed: erythrocytes and plasma zinc, zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP), plasma ferritin, transferrin saturation (TFS), and total iron. The patients' diets were analyzed by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists method for macronutrients, and neutron activation analysis was used for iron and zinc concentration determinations. RESULTS: Ferritin and TFS increased from 86.3+/-67.5 ng/mL to 105.4+/-63.7 ng/mL and from 19.5+/-7.4% to 23.2+/-6.7% (P <.05), respectively, after iron supplementation. Absolute iron deficiency (ferritin <100 microg/L and TFS <20%) was present in 41% of the patients and decreased to 15.7% after iron treatment. In comparison with baseline values (76.4+/-16.7 microg/dL), there were no significant changes in plasma zinc levels, but after supplementation the number of patients with low plasma zinc levels decreased from 46.1% to 23.7% (P =.08). At baseline, erythrocyte zinc was 49.0+/-7.6 microg Zn/gHb, and 76.3% of the patients had high erythrocyte zinc concentration. After iron treatment, erythrocyte zinc decreased to 45.5+/-7.3 microg Zn/gHb (P =.001). No significant change was observed in ZPP concentration. The analysis of the diet showed energy and protein intakes of 26.2+/-7.1 kcal/kg/day and 0.89+/-0.2 g/kg/day, respectively, and a low intake of both iron and zinc. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that iron deficiency may contribute to the inadequate distribution of zinc in patients with CKD and that iron supplementation may decrease the abnormal elevated erythrocyte zinc levels of these patients.

Teores de elementos minerais em algumas populações de Camu-Camu / Content of mineral elements in some populations of camu-camu

O camu-camu, caçari, ou araçá d'água (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K) McVaugh) é um arbusto da família Myrtaceae, disperso em quase toda a Amazônia. É uma espécie tipicamente silvestre mas com grande potencial econômico e nutricional. Entretanto, no que se refere a elementos minerais, poucas informações são disponíveis na literatura. Considerando a essencialidade dessas informações na nutrição humana e objetivando contribuir na elaboração de uma Tabela de composição de alimentos a nível regional e nacional, determinou-se os elementos minerais em algumas populações de camu-camu, pela Técnica de Ativação com Nêutrons Instrumental. Verificou-se que em relação aos macro elementos minerais, nos frutos de camu-camu analisados, as maiores concentrações foram para potássio, com uma variação de (62,6±0,4 a 144,1±08 mg por cento) e cálcio (9,5±0,3 a 10,6±0,5 mg por cento). A concentração de sódio nos frutos foi baixa (90,7±16,5 µg por cento). A população Uatumã-9 apresentou maiores concentrações de zinco (472,0±8,3µg por cento), molibdênio (6,2±0,6µg por cento) e cromo (19,9±1,7 µg por cento), seguida da população Uatumã 24 em cobalto (2,4±0,03 mg por cento). Dessa forma, o consumo de camu-camu pode contribuir para atingir a ingestão adequada das recomendações de elementos minerais nos diferentes grupos populacionais da região Amazônica.

Camu-camu, caçari, or araçá d'água (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K.) McVaugh) is a shrub of the Myrtaceae family, dispersed through almost all the Amazonia. It is a typically wild species but with great economic and nutritional potential. However, few information on its mineral content is available in the literature. Considering the importance of these information for the human nutrition, and, objectiving to contribute in the elaboration of a Table of food composition the regional and national level, was determined the mineral elements in some populations of camu-camu, by neutron activation analysis. According to the results, the greater concentrations was verified in relation to the macro mineral elements potassium, with a variation of (62,6±0,4 to 144,1±8,3 mg percent) and calcium (9,5±0,3 to 10,6±0,5 mg percent). The concentration of sodium in the fruts was low (19,9±1,7µg percent). The population Uatumã 9 presented greater concentrations of zinc (472,0±8,3µg percent), molybdenum (6,2±0,6µg percent) and chromium (19,9±1,7µg percent) followed of the population Uatumã 24 for cobalt (2,4±28,7mg percent). Therefore, camu-camu can contribute for reaching the recommendations of mineral elements intakes by the different human populations of the Amazon region.

Chemical composition of the fruit mesocarp of three peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) populations grown in central Amazonia, Brazil.

The percent composition, soluble and insoluble food fibers, oil fatty acids and minerals were determined in the mesocarp of fruits of three peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) populations grown in Central Amazonia, Brazil. Amino acids were also determined in one of the populations. The mean protein levels ranged from 1.8 to 2.7%, lipid levels ranged from 3.5 to 11.1%, the nitrogen free fraction ranged from 24.3 to 35%, food fiber ranged from 5.2% to 8.7%, and energy ranged from 179.1 to 207.4 kcal%. All essential, as well as non-essential, amino acids were present, with tryptophan and methionine presenting the lowest mean concentrations. The mono-unsaturated oleic acid predominated in the oil, ranging from 42.8 to 60.8%, and palmitic acid was the most abundant saturated fatty acid, ranging from 24.1 to 42.3%. Among the essential fatty acids, linoleic acid was the most abundant, with a maximum of 5.4% in Pampa-8. The most important mineral elements were potassium, selenium and chromium, respectively corresponding to 12%, 9% and 9% of daily recommended allowances. Considering the nutritional potential of the fruit, we suggest its more frequent incorporation into the diet of the Amazonian population.

Determinação dos teores de elementos minerais em alimentos convencionais e não convencionais da região amazônica pela técnica de análise por ativação com nêutrons instrumental / Determination of Concentration of the Mineral Elements in Conventional and Non Conventional Foodstuffs from Amazon Region by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis

No presente trabalho são apresentados valores de concentração para os elementos minerais Ca, Fe, K, Mn, Na, Se e Zn em alimentos convencionais e não convencionais da região Amazônica, obtidos por análise por ativação neutrônica instrumental. As concentrações dos elementos minerais nos alimentos analisados, variaram, sendo que o potássio se sobressaiu com teores expressivos na jaca (caroço e polpa) e graviola. Dentre os minerais, o selênio foi o que apresentou menor concentração nos alimentos analisados. Entretanto, notadamente importantes foram as concentrações verificadas na graviola, pupunha fruto e palmito. De acordo com os resultados obtidos sugere-se a indicação dos mesmos na alimentação diária dos amazonenses e espera-se contribuir na elaboração de tabelas de composição de alimentos regional e nacional